VOlUME 04 ISSUE 10 OCTOBER 2021
Inter-Governmental Relations Between Central Government And Local Government Authorities In Tanzania
Bariki Gwalugano Mwasaga
Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
Tanzania in embarking the decentralization by devolution policy (D by D) as a mechanism of facilitating quick development process through the involvement of people from grass root levels has been carried out through the inter-government relations between the central government and the local government authorities (LGAs). Throughout its implementation there had been a supportive structural set up, including a constitutional mandate for local governments. Also, there has been an increased recognition of LGAs by central and sector ministries as partners rather than subordinate structures. However, the lack of a clear and effective institutional framework to govern the implementation of D by D and the lack of a shared understanding of D by D across ministries and other governmental institutions has made led to structural confusion between the Central government and the Local Government Authorities. Thus, this paper explores the undertakings of the inter-government relations between the central government and the local government authorities (LGAs) in order to forge a way forward for a inclusive and responsive governance in the country.
KEYWORDS:Decentralisation, central – local relations, governance.
REFERENCES
1) Ananyev, D. (2020). Principle-Agent Theory and Its Contribution to Study of Political Regimes’ Accountability. Journal of Governance And Politics, 1(16).
2) Anosisye, M. (2017). Decentralization by Devolution: Perception of Councilors on Their Exercise of Fiscal Decision Making Authority in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 5(2).
3) Baker, J., Wallevik, H., Obama, J., & Sola, N. (2002). The Local Government Reform Process in Tanzania: Towards a greater interdependency between local government and civil society at the local level? Kristiansand: Agderforskning.
4) Bates, R., Greif, A., Levi, M., Rosenthal, J., & Weingast, B. (1998). Analytic narratives. Princeton- New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
5) Besley, T. (2006). Principled agents? The political economy of good government. OUP.
6) Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4279003
7) Fjeldstad, O. H. (2010). Fiscal Decentralization in Tanzania: For Better or For Worse? Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights.
8) Gauld, R. (2018). Principal-Agent Theory of Organizations . In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Cham: Springer. Retrieved from doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_72
9) Goodfellow, T. (2017). Central-Local Government Roles and Relationships in Property Taxation. International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD) - African Property Tax Initiative (APTI) Summary Brief(12).
10) Hirschmann, D. (2003). 'Aid Dependence, Sustainability and Technical Assistance. Designing a Monitoring and Evaluation System in Tanzania'. Public Management Review, 5(2), 225-244.
11) IIAG. (2015). ‘Country insights: Tanzania’. Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Retrieved from http://static.moibrahimfoundation.org/u/2015/10/02201457/49_Tanzania.pdf
12) Kanju, S. D., & Shayo, D. P. (2021). Central-Local Government Relations in the Age of Decentralization: Partnership or Agentship Relations in Tanzania? IPSA/AISP 26th World Congress of Political Science on July 10-15.
) Kessy, A. (2011). Local Government Reforms in Tanzania: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. In R. a. (REDET), Democratic Transition in East Africa: Governance and Development at the Grassroots (pp. 21-48). Dar es Salaam: TUKI Publishers.
14) Kessy, A. T. (2008). Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP) and the Challenges of Local Governance in Tanzania: Local Autonomy, Participation, Accountability and Transparency. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester.
15) Kessy, A. T. (2018). Decentralisation, Local Governance and Path Dependency Theory. UTAFITI, 13(1).
16) Kessy, A., & McCourt, W. (2010). Is Decentralisation Still Recentralization? The Local Government Reform Programme in Tanzania. International Journal of Public Administration, 33(12), 689-697.
17) Kinemo, S., Ndikumana, E., Kiyabo, H., Shilingi, V., Kwayu, M., & Andrea, P. (2015). Decentralization of Human Resource Management in Tanzanian Governmental Organization. In K. d. Ridder, B. Emans, Hulst, & Tollenaar (Eds.), Public Administration in Tanzania, Current issues and challenges (Vol. 3). African Studies Centre, African Public Administration and Management Series.
18) Kweka, A. N. (1995). One-party democracy and the multiparty state poverty. In L. C., & G. Mmari (Eds.), Mwalimu: The Influence of Nyerere. London: James Currey.
19) Laffont, J. -J., & Martimort, D. (2002). The theory of incentives: The principal-agent model. Princeton University Press.
20) Lyon, A., Zilihona, I., & Masanyiwa, Z. (2018). Report on Assessment of Implementation of Decentralisation by Devolution in Tanzania prepared for United Republic of Tanzania, President’s Office - Regional Administration and Local Government. Unpublished.
21) Maggetti, M., & Papadopoulos, Y. (2018). The principal–agent framework and independent regulatory agencies. Political Studies Review, 16(3), 172–183. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929916664359
22) Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizens and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. New Jersey: New Jersey University Press.
23) Max, M. (1991). The Development of Local Government in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Education Publishers and Distributors.
24) Miller, G. J. (2005). The political evolution of principal-agent models. Annual Review of Political Science, 8(1), 203–225. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104840
25) Mollel, H. (2010). Participation for local development: The reality of decentralization in Tanzania. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
26) Mwaikusa, J. (1996). Separation of powers and the coming of the multiparty politics. In C. Mtaki, & M. Okema, Constitutional Reforms and Democratic Governance in Tanzania (pp. 109-117). University of Dar es Salaam, Faculty of Law and Friedrich/Naumann Stiftung.
27) Ngware, S., & Haule, M. (1992). Enhancement of Local Government Management Capability at Village Level: The Case of Twenty Two Village Governments in Mainland Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Institute of Development Studies.
28) Nyerere, J. (1996). "Guide to One-party State Commission". In J. Nyerere, Freedom and Unity. London: Oxford University Press.
29) Pierre, J., & Peters, B. G. (2017). The shirking bureaucrat: A theory in search of evidence? Policy & Politics , 45(2), 157–172. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14845830916703
30) REPOA. (2007). Framework for Downward Accountability in Local Government Authorities. Research on Poverty Alleviation.
31) Rhodes , R. A. (1999). Introduction The context of intergovernmental relations: some theoretical. In R. A. Rhodes, Control and Power in Central-local Government Relations (1st ed., p. 232). London: Routledge. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429463518
32) Ringo, C., Khamis, Z. K., Peter, A., & Pazi, R. (2013). The creeping decentralization in Tanzania: Is the strategy accorded full support by the government? International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship, 1(5), 204-227.
33) Schillemans, T. (2013). Moving beyond the clash of interests: On stewardship theory and the relationships between central government departments and public agencies. Public Management Review, 15(4), 541–562. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.691008
34) Schillemans, T., & Bjurstrøm, K. H. (2019). Trust and verification: Balancing agency and stewardship theory in the governance of agencies. International Public Management Journal, 1–35. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2018.1553807
35) Schillemans, T., & Busuioc, M. (2015). Predicting public sector accountability: From agency drift to forum drift. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(1), 191–215. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu024
36) Shivji, I. G., & Peter, C. M. (2003). Village Democracy Initiative Report. Dodoma: President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government.
37) Thiel, S., & Smullen, A. (2021). Principals and Agents, or Principals and Stewards? Australian Arms Length Agencies’ Perceptions of Arm’s Length Government Instruments. Public Performance & Management Review, 44(4), 758-784. doi:10.1080/15309576.2
38) Tordoff, W. (1994). 'Decentralisation: comparative experience in Commonwealth Africa'. Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(4), 555-580.
39) United Republic of Tanzania . (1996). Local government reform agenda. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Regional Admnistration and Local Government, Local Government Reform Program.
40) United Republic of Tanzania. (1998). Policy Paper on Local Government Reform. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Local Government Reform Program.
41) United Republic of Tanzania. (2008). Local Government Reform Programme Implementation Report: 1998-2008. Dodoma: Prime Minister's Office-Regioanl and Local Government.
42) Van Slyke, D. M. (2006). Agents or stewards: Using theory to understand the government–nonprofit social service contracting relationship. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 17(2), 157–187. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul012
43) Venugopal, V., & Yilmaz, S. (2010). Decentralization in Tanzania: An Assessment of Local Government Discretion and Accountability. Public Administration and Development, 30, 215–231.
44) Waterman, R. W., & Meier, K. J. (1998). Principal–agent models: An expansion? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(2), 173–202. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024377