VOlUME 05 ISSUE 08 AUGUST 2022
Selami Varol Ülker
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i8-29Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine the relationships between depressive mood, self-deception, and attachment dimensions by using language style of individuals. Participants (N=41) were asked complete an implicit association task, Beck depression scale, experiences in close relation scale. Besides, they were also asked to write down a passage, in which they should have intentionally produced an obvious lie for themselves. Finally, they were asked to report their memory related to the school life. Following previous studies on language style of lying linguistic components were excluded using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Analyses yielded that there was no significant differences in language style for both actual memory notes and intentionally lying conditions for people with low depressive mood (e.g., t-first-person singular (38)=.69, ns). However, there were significant differences between actual memory notes and lying conditions for participants with high depressive mood (e.g., t-first-person plural (38)=3.69, p<.01), signifying that people with depressive mood did not show lying tendency in their actual memory notes, however, this was not the case for people with lower levels of depressive moods. Results of this study confirmed the idea that depressive mood may shadow defence mechanisms like self-deception and people with higher levels of depressive mood would perform lower levels of self-deception. This tendency could also be observed at linguistic dimensions they produced.
KEYWORDS:Depressive Mood, Self-Deception, Attachment, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count.
REFERENCES
1) Bond, D. G. and Lee, Y. A. 2005. Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of prisoners' truthful and deceptive natural language. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 313-329.
2) Buller, D. B., Burgoon, J. K., Buslig, A. and Roiger, J. 1996. Testing Interpersonal Deception Theory: The language of interpersonal deception. Communication Theory, 6, 268-289.
3) Campbell, J. D. and Fehr, B. 1990. Self-esteem and perceptions of conveyed impressions: Is negative affectivity associated with greater realism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 122-133.
4) Coyne, J., C. and Gotlib, I. 1983. Studying the Role of Cognition in Depression: Well-Trodden Paths and Cul-de-Sacs. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 695-705.
5) Davis, C., G., Hoeksema, N., S. and Larson, J. 1998. Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561-574.
6) Ekman, P. 2002. Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics and Marriage, New York: Norton & Company.
7) Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. and Brennan, K. A. 2000. An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.
8) Freud, S. 1996. Günlük Yaşamın Psikopatolojisi (Çev. Şemsa Yeğin). İstanbul: Payel.
9) Gillath O., Sesko A.K., Shaver P.R. and Chun D.S. 2010. Attachment, Authenticity, and Honesty: Dispositional and Experimentally Induced Security Can Reduce Self- and Other-Deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 841-855.
10) Hisli, N. 1988. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin Üniversite Öğrencileri için Geçerliliği, Güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
11) Hippel, W.V. and Trivers, R. 2011. Reflections on self-deception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(1), 41-56.
12) Ingram, R., E. and Smith, T. W. 1984. Depression and internal versus external focus of attention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(2), 139-151.
13) Meites, T. M., Deveney, M. C., Steele, T. K., Holmes, A., J. and Pizzagalli A. D. 2008. Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(6), 1078-1084.
14) Newman, M. L., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S. and Richards, J. M. 2003. Lying Words: Predicting Deception from Linguistic Styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 665-675.
15) Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J. and Francis, M. E. 1997. Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 863-871.
16) Pennebaker, J. W. and King, L. A. 1999. Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1296-1312.
17) Pennebaker, J., W. and Graybeal, A. 2001. Patterns of Natural Language Use: Disclosure, Personality, and Social Integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 90-93.
18) Pennebaker, J. W. 2004. Theories, Therapies, and Taxpayers: On the Complexities of Expressive Writing Paradigm. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 11(2), 138-142.
19) Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Ireland, M., E., Gonzales, A. L. and Booth, R. J. 2007. The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007, LIWC manual.
20) Pennebaker, J W. 2011. Life of Pronouns: What Our Word Say about Us New York: Bloomsbury Press.
21) Pyszczynski, T., Holt, K. D. and Greenberg, J. 1987. Depression, Self-Focused Attention, and Expectancies for Positive and Negative Future Life Events for Self and Others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(5), 994-1001.
22) Rude, S. S., Krantz, E. S. and Rosenhan, L. D. 1988. Distinguishing the dimensions of valence and belief consistency in depressive and nondepressive information processing. Cognitive Therapy and Research 12(4), 391-407.
23) Rude, S. S. and McCrthy T.C. 2003. Emotional Functioning in depressed and depression-vulnerable collage students. Cognition and Emotion, 17(5), 799-806.
24) Rude, S. S., Gortner, E. M. and Pennebaker, J. W. 2004. Language Use of Depressed and Depression-Vulnerable College Students. Cognition and Emotion, 18(8), 1121-1133.
25) Skillicorn D. and Lamb C. 2013. Extending Textual Models of Deception to Interrogation Settings. Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law, and Intelligence, 1(1), 14-40.
26) Stirman, S. W. and Pennebaker, J. W. 2001. Word Use in the Poetry of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 517-522.
27) Vrij, A., Mann, S., Kristen, S. and Fisher, R. P. 2007. Cues to deception and ability to detect lies as a function of police interview styles. Law and Human Behavior, 31(5), 499-518.
28) Taylor, S. E. and Brown, J. D. 1988. Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. Pschological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210.
29) Taylor, S. E. and Gollwitzer, P. M. 1995. Effects of Mindset on Positive Illusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(2), 213-226.
30) Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Bower, J. E., and Gruenewald, T. L. 2000. Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55(1), 99-100.
31) Tausczik, Y. R. and Pennebaker J. W. 2010. The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24-54.