VOlUME 05 ISSUE 08 AUGUST 2022
1Raden Muhammad Jauhari,
2Adrianus Meliala
1,2Universitas Indonesia
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i8-32Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine fraud cases in Indonesia-China trade relations from the point of view of the Indonesian exporters as victims. Empirically and theoretically, the research focuses on gaps in trade relations that trigger the victimization of Indonesian exporters and seeks to uncover economic, political, legal, and cultural asymmetries in accordance with the stages and typology of fraud victimization initiated by Michael Levi (2009). This study contextualizes fraud victimization on the phenomenon of criminogenic asymmetries in Indonesia-China trade relations. The study uses a qualitative approach with an explanatory method, while the data analysis uses a triangulation technique. The results of the study reveal several essential things. First, the victimization cases of Indonesian exporters occur because of the existence of non-legal route options in trade with China that puts the exporters in the category of diffuse victimization. This option is available because it is a rational choice of cost-effective, duty-free, and with no licensing. It is even more dramatic when the government and law enforcement commit victim blaming, then see cases of default as negligence, not fraud. Second, there is a lack of coordination between international trade stakeholders in Indonesia, creating difficulties in assisting entrepreneurs’ processes, especially if the exporters become victims of fraud. Third, the role of groups of perpetrators of organized fraud exists by using the guise of business in Indonesia-China trade relations. Fourth, the fraud victimization experienced by Indonesian exporters is inseparable from the existence of asymmetric criminogenic factors, namely the legal system, technology, knowledge, and culture between the two countries. Fifth, there are empirical and theoretical differences and gaps related to the contextualization of Levi's concept of fraud victimization when placed within the framework of criminogenic asymmetries in the Indonesia-China trade case. This gap is due to the occurence of three export routes that significantly affect the concept of victimization typology.
KEYWORDS:Criminogenic Asymmetries; Fraud Victimization; Global Criminology; Contextualisation; Organized Fraud.
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DOCUMENTS
1) Kementerian Perdagangan (Ministry of Trade). (2019). Trade Dispute Matrix Resolution on 2019, Puska KPI, BP2KP.
2) Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12/2014 concerning the Revocation of the Circular of the Presidium of the Ampera Cabinet Number SE-06/PRES.KAB/6/1967 dated June 28, 1967: The use of the term people and or communities of Tjina/China/China was changed to Chinese, and the mention of the Republic of People of China changed to People's Republic of China
ONLINE SOURCES
1) Bisnis.com. (2021, 16 Juni). Kasus Impor Emas Rp47,1 Triliun, Praktik Pengalihan Kode HS Marak. (Case of Import of Gold Rp47.1 Trillion, Practice of Transferring HS Code is rising). Retrieved from Bisnis.com: https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20210616/12/1406402/kasus-impor-emas-rp471-triliun-praktik-pengalihan-kode-hs-marak diakses pada 6 Mei 2022.
2) Detik.com. (2021, 29 Juli). Korupsi Impor Tekstil Rp1,6 Triliun, 3 Pejabat Bea Cukai Dibui 5 Tahun. (Textile Import Corruption of Rp1.6 Trillion, 3 Customs Officials Imprisoned for 5 Years). Retrieved from Detik.com: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5661157/korupsi-impor-tekstil-rp-16-triliun-3-pejabat-bea-cukai-dibui-5-tahun/ diakses pada 9 Oktober 2021.
3) Republika.co.id. (2022, Februari 2). Sepanjang 2021, Ekspor RI ke China Naik 70 Persen. (Throughout 2021, Indonesian exports to China will increase by 70 percent.)Retrieved from Republika.co.id:
https://www.republika.co.id/berita/r6ocj5489/sepanjang-2021-ekspor-ri-ke-china-naik-70-persen, diakses pada 23 Juli 2022.
INTERVIEWS
1) Interview with informant AI on December 14, 2021.
2) Interview with informant BA on July 29, 2021.
3) Interview with informant KH on September 7, 2021.
4) Interview with informant Sn on December 14, 2021.
5) Interview with informant SW on June 29, 2021.
6) Interview with informant VP on December 2021.
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
1) Focus Group Discussion with AI on March 17, 2022.
2) Focus Group Discussion with SW on March 17, 2022.
3) Focus Group Discussion with BB on March 17, 2022.
4) Focus Group Discussion with IR on March 17, 2022.
5) Focus Group Discussion with TAD on March 17, 2022.