Volume 06 Issue 11 November 2023
1Yendoubouan NANGUEPAGUE, 2Edinam KOLA
1Doctoral student in geography, Department of Geography, University of Lomé,
2Professor of Geography, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Lomé,
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i11-75Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
Access to energy resources in most developing countries, and in Togo in particular, is marked by a low rate of access to electricity from the centralized national grid and high consumption of biomass as the main energy resource for cooking. This masks strong inequalities, particularly those linked to gender, to the disadvantage of female-headed households and female household members. The aim is to analyze gender inequalities in access to energy resources in households in the western Savanes Region of Togo. This work is based on a qualitative and quantitative methodological approach using documentary analysis, field surveys, interview guides and interviews. Descriptive and economic statistical tools were used to process the data collected. The results of the study show that access to modern cooking energy resources is difficult for female-headed households, 45.1% of which still use agricultural residues, compared with 4.2% for male-headed households. Furthermore, the rate of access to electricity from the national grid for female-headed households is only 21.7%, compared with 48.7% for male- headed households. These disparities, which are more pronounced in rural areas, vary from prefecture to prefecture.
KEYWORDS:Gender, access, energy resources, household, Togo
REFERENCES1) AFD, 2012, Access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa, Working paper, n° 122, Paris, 103 p.
2) IEA, World Bank, IRENA, WHO and UNSD, 2019, Follow-up to SDG 7: Interim Report on Energy 2019, Washington D.C., 59 p.
3) BERAHAB Rim, 2019, Renewable energies in Africa: Issues, challenges and opportunities, Policy Center for the New South, Rabat, 32 p.
4) CALVO Christina Malmberg, 1994, L'accès aux sources d'approvisionnement pour les besoins domestiques, Programme de transports en milieu rural (PTMR), Document de travail SSATP, n°11F, 62 p.
5) D'ARTIGUES Agnès, 2008, Définition d'indicateurs de vulnérabilité énergétique : une analyse comparée des pays de l'Europe des 15, Rapport de synthèse, Centre de Recherche en Economie et Droit de l'Energie, Montpellier, 136 p.
6) DGSCN, 2006, Profil de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité au Togo, Rapport version 2, Lomé, 81 p.
7) IFAD, 2016, Reducing women's workload: technologies and practices for rural people: Gender, targeting and social inclusion, Overview,Rome, 12 p.
8) GIZ, 2022, Electrification Rurale au Togo (Pro Energie) : Appui à l’électrification adaptée au climat en tenant compte des aspects sociaux et économiques, Projet d’Electrification Rurale au Togo, Bonn and Eschborn, 2 p.
9) INSEED, 2017, Cartographie de la pauvreté au Togo, Rapport d'étude, Lomé, 55 p.
10) KIRK Smith, 2006, "Impact sur la santé de l'utilisation domestique du bois de feu dans les pays en développement", in: Unasylva, vol.57,n°224, Rome, pp. 41-44.
11) KOLA Edinam, 2020, Enquête sur la justice énergétique en milieu rural au Togo, Rapport de l'enquête qualitative nationale, Lomé, 79 p.
12) LIGHTING AFRICA, 2010, Solar lighting for the base of the pyramid: Panorama of an emerging market, Report on the panorama of current and projected trends in the off-grid lighting market, Washington D.C., 79 p.
13) LOUARGANT Sophie, 2002, "De la géographie féministe à la "Gender Geography" : une lecture francophone d'un concept anglophone", in : Espace, populations, sociétés, n°3, Paris, pp. 397-410.
14) MARCH Candida, SMYTH Ines and MUKHOPADHYAY Maitrayee, 1999, "A Guide to Gender Analysis Frameworks", in: Skill and pratice, n°202918, Oxfam, 144 p.
15) UNITED NATIONS, 2022, Report on the 2022 Sustainable Development Goals, New York, 64 p.
16) WHO, 2014, WHO indoor air quality guidelines: domestic fuel consumption, Guidance Summary, Geneva, 24 p.
17) REDD+ TOGO, 2017, Etude approfondie sur la dynamique de l'utilisation du bois-énergie au Togo, Rapport consolidée, Lomé, 108 p.
18) REDDY Amulya, 2000, "Energy and social issues", in: world energy assessment, Washington D.C., 508 p.
19) REMEDIO Elizabeth, 2002, Bois-énergie et modèles de subsistance: une étude de cas relative aux Philippines, in: revue unasylva, n°211, vol 53, Rome, p. 13-22.
20) RGPH-5, 2022, Cinquième recensements général de la population et de l'habitat du Togo, Résultats définitifs, Lomé, 57 p.
21) SCHWARTZ Daniel, 1995, "Le jeu de la science et du hasard : la statistique et le vivant", in: Population, vol 50, n°1, Aubervilliers Cedex, 228 p.
22) SIE-TOGO, 2017, Système d'information énergétique du Togo, Rapport d'étude, Lomé, 52 p.
23) SIE-UEMOA, 2019, Chiffres clés sur l'énergie dans l'Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA), Annual Report,Ouagadougou, 19 p.
24) VIMARD Patrice and FASSASSI Raïmi, 2010, "Changements démographiques et développement durable en Afrique", in: SériePopulation-Santé, Documents de recherche, n° 18, Laboratoire Population Environnement-Développement, Marseille, 48 p.