Yahya Muhammed Bah

Department of Sociology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa

DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i2-60

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ABSTRACT

Around the world illegal migration is occurring with undocumented socio-economic and political impacts and it yarns for concerted efforts at all levels to address it. Every immigrant is entitled to full protection as enshrined in several international legal instruments of universal significance. The aims of the systematic literature review were to interrogate the fundamental preventive strategies of illegal migration, share knowledge to spark and inspire processes that will usher rapid growth from all directions. A systematic review of the literatures using information collected from different sources was actuated. Google search engine and others were used to search for articles. Only peer-reviewed articles published after 2000 were selected except extracts of fundamental mileage. However, articles published by staunch international organizations working in the area for years and produced indefatigable knowledge were stealthily appraised. The study revealed that the preventive methods are numerous and encompass: border control intensification, financial support to impoverished families, stiff laws enactment and enforcement, youths empowerment, human trafficking criminalization, illegal immigrants employment criminalization, asylum system and granting refugee status procedures review, policy formulation and coordination; and promotion of research and development. In conclusion, the preventive strategies can be pooled and catalogued into social, economic, political; and legal strategies.

KEYWORDS:

illegal, migration, causes, migrant

REFERENCES

1) Adekoya, A. F. (2020). Youth unemployment and violent crime: Evidence from developing countries in Africa. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(3), 408–419.

2) Aleshkovski, I. A. (2013). Illegal Immigration as A Structural Factor of Global Development. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 243–256.

3) Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Nassani, A. A., Alotaibi, S. M., Kabbani, A., & Zaman, K. (2020). Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00220-6

4) Bah, T. L. (2019). Working Paper Series Understanding Willingness to Migrate Illegally: Evidence from a Lab in the Field Experiment. (1803). Retrieved from www.novafrica.org

5) Benes, J., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., Muir, D., & Mursula, S. (2013). The Benefits of International Policy Coordination Revisited. IMF Working Papers, 13(262), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484326626.001

6) Cain, M. (1982). Perspectives on Family and Fertility in Developing Countries.

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8) Casarico, A., Facchini, G., & Testa, C. (2016). Asylum policy and illegal immigration: Perspectives and challenges. CESifo DICE Report, 14(4), 14–20.

9) Chappell, L., Glennie, A., Latorre, M., & Mulley, S. (2011). The impacts of irregular migration.

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11) Conrad Suso, C. T. (2019). Backway or bust: Causes and consequences of Gambian irregular migration. Journal of Modern African Studies, 57(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X18000666

12) Cummings, C., Pacitto, J., Lauro, D., & Foresti, M. (2015). Why People Move: Understanding the Drivers and Trends of Migration to Europe. Overseas Development Institute, (December), 1–47. Retrieved from www.odi.org/twitter

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14) de Haas, H. (2008). The myth of invasion: The inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802386435

15) Garha, N. S. (2020). Punjabi irregular immigration to Italy and Spain: causes and consequences. South Asian Diaspora, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2020.1793449

16) Gaziulusoy, A. İ. (2020). The experiences of parents raising children in times of climate change: Towards a caring research agenda. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100017

17) Joly, D. (2000). Some structural effects of migration on receiving and sending countries. International Migration, 38(5), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00126

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19) Kosyakova, Y., & Brenzel, H. (2020). The role of length of asylum procedure and legal status in the labour market integration of refugees in Germany. Soziale Welt, 71(1–2), 123–159. https://doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-123

20) Kuhnt, J. (2019). Literature Review: Drivers of migration. Why do people leave their homes? Is there an easy answer? A structured overview of migratory determinants. Retrieved from www.die-gdi.de

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22) Obokata, T. (2005). Trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity: Some implications for the international legal system. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei006

23) Qureshi, S. (2020). Why Data Matters for Development? Exploring Data Justice, Micro-Entrepreneurship, Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1736820

24) Seidman, R. B. (1972). Law and Development: A General Model. Law & Society Review, 6(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052987

25) Speciale, B. (2010). Immigration policies in the EU: Challenges and priorities. Reflets et Perspectives de La Vie Economique, 49(2–3), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.492.0121

26) Tallmeister, J. (2013). Is Immigration a Threat to Security? European Journal of Industrial Relations, (158), 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttps://www.eir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttp://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-tosecurity/

27) Tiwari, A. (2020). A STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (CAUSALITY & PREVENTION OF CRIME). International Journal of Advanced Research, 08(04), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10795

28) Ukwatta. (2010). ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE MIGRATION OF SRI LANKAN TRANSNATIONAL DOMESTIC WORKERS ON FAMILIES AND CHILDREN LEFT BEHIND Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies The University of A. (January).

29) United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking Fact Sheet No. 36. Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Fact Sheet(36), 70.

30) YA, M. (2016). Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal Migration from South Wollo, Ethiopia. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 07(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000188

31) Adekoya, A. F. (2020). Youth unemployment and violent crime: Evidence from developing countries in Africa. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(3), 408–419.

32) Aleshkovski, I. A. (2013). Illegal Immigration as A Structural Factor of Global Development. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 243–256.

33) Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Nassani, A. A., Alotaibi, S. M., Kabbani, A., & Zaman, K. (2020). Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00220-6

34) Bah, T. L. (2019). Working Paper Series Understanding Willingness to Migrate Illegally: Evidence from a Lab in the Field Experiment. (1803). Retrieved from www.novafrica.org

35) Benes, J., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., Muir, D., & Mursula, S. (2013). The Benefits of International Policy Coordination Revisited. IMF Working Papers, 13(262), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484326626.001

36) Cain, M. (1982). Perspectives on Family and Fertility in Developing Countries.

37) CAP Immigration Team. (2014). The Facts on Immigration Today. Center for American Progress, (April). Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2014/10/23/59040/the-facts-on-immigration-today-3/

38) Casarico, A., Facchini, G., & Testa, C. (2016). Asylum policy and illegal immigration: Perspectives and challenges. CESifo DICE Report, 14(4), 14–20.

39) Chappell, L., Glennie, A., Latorre, M., & Mulley, S. (2011). The impacts of irregular migration.

40) College, W. H., Bixler, B., & Bixler, B. (2020). IdeaExchange @ UAkron The Economic Impact of Illegal Immigration on The United States The Economic Impact of Illegal Immigration on The United States.

41) Conrad Suso, C. T. (2019). Backway or bust: Causes and consequences of Gambian irregular migration. Journal of Modern African Studies, 57(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X18000666

42) Cummings, C., Pacitto, J., Lauro, D., & Foresti, M. (2015). Why People Move: Understanding the Drivers and Trends of Migration to Europe. Overseas Development Institute, (December), 1–47. Retrieved from www.odi.org/twitter

43) Dadush, U. (2014). The Effect of Low-Skilled Labor Migration on the Host Economy The Effect of Low-Skilled Labor Migration on the Host Economy. Knomad, (April 2014), 25.

44) de Haas, H. (2008). The myth of invasion: The inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802386435

45) Garha, N. S. (2020). Punjabi irregular immigration to Italy and Spain: causes and consequences. South Asian Diaspora, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2020.1793449

46) Gaziulusoy, A. İ. (2020). The experiences of parents raising children in times of climate change: Towards a caring research agenda. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100017

47) Joly, D. (2000). Some structural effects of migration on receiving and sending countries. International Migration, 38(5), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00126

48) Koser, K. (2005). Irregular migration, state security and human security. A Paper Prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva.< Test. Gcim. Org/Attachements/TP5. Pdf>. Accessed March, (September), 33. Retrieved from http://iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/tp/TP5.pdf

49) Kosyakova, Y., & Brenzel, H. (2020). The role of length of asylum procedure and legal status in the labour market integration of refugees in Germany. Soziale Welt, 71(1–2), 123–159. https://doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-123

50) Kuhnt, J. (2019). Literature Review: Drivers of migration. Why do people leave their homes? Is there an easy answer? A structured overview of migratory determinants. Retrieved from www.die-gdi.de

51) Mayilvaganan, M. (2019). Illegal Migration and Strategic Challenges: A Case Study of Undocumented Migration from Bangladesh to India. Artha - Journal of Social Sciences, 18(4), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.51.2

52) Obokata, T. (2005). Trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity: Some implications for the international legal system. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei006

53) Qureshi, S. (2020). Why Data Matters for Development? Exploring Data Justice, Micro-Entrepreneurship, Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1736820

54) Seidman, R. B. (1972). Law and Development: A General Model. Law & Society Review, 6(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052987

55) Speciale, B. (2010). Immigration policies in the EU: Challenges and priorities. Reflets et Perspectives de La Vie Economique, 49(2–3), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.492.0121

56) Tallmeister, J. (2013). Is Immigration a Threat to Security? European Journal of Industrial Relations, (158), 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttps://www.eir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttp://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-tosecurity/

57) Tiwari, A. (2020). A STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (CAUSALITY & PREVENTION OF CRIME). International Journal of Advanced Research, 08(04), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10795

58) Ukwatta. (2010). ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE MIGRATION OF SRI LANKAN TRANSNATIONAL DOMESTIC WORKERS ON FAMILIES AND CHILDREN LEFT BEHIND Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies The University of A. (January).

59) United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking Fact Sheet No. 36. Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Fact Sheet(36), 70.

60) YA, M. (2016). Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal Migration from South Wollo, Ethiopia. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 07(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000188

61) Adekoya, A. F. (2020). Youth unemployment and violent crime: Evidence from developing countries in Africa. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(3), 408–419.

62) Aleshkovski, I. A. (2013). Illegal Immigration as A Structural Factor of Global Development. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 243–256.

63) Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Nassani, A. A., Alotaibi, S. M., Kabbani, A., & Zaman, K. (2020). Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00220-6

64) Bah, T. L. (2019). Working Paper Series Understanding Willingness to Migrate Illegally: Evidence from a Lab in the Field Experiment. (1803). Retrieved from www.novafrica.org

65) Benes, J., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., Muir, D., & Mursula, S. (2013). The Benefits of International Policy Coordination Revisited. IMF Working Papers, 13(262), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484326626.001

66) Cain, M. (1982). Perspectives on Family and Fertility in Developing Countries

67) CAP Immigration Team. (2014). The Facts on Immigration Today. Center for American Progress, (April). Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2014/10/23/59040/the-facts-on-immigration-today-3/

68) Casarico, A., Facchini, G., & Testa, C. (2016). Asylum policy and illegal immigration: Perspectives and challenges. CESifo DICE Report, 14(4), 14–20.

69) Chappell, L., Glennie, A., Latorre, M., & Mulley, S. (2011). The impacts of irregular migration.

70) College, W. H., Bixler, B., & Bixler, B. (2020). IdeaExchange @ UAkron The Economic Impact of Illegal Immigration on The United States The Economic Impact of Illegal Immigration on The United States.

71) Conrad Suso, C. T. (2019). Backway or bust: Causes and consequences of Gambian irregular migration. Journal of Modern African Studies, 57(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X18000666

72) Cummings, C., Pacitto, J., Lauro, D., & Foresti, M. (2015). Why People Move: Understanding the Drivers and Trends of Migration to Europe. Overseas Development Institute, (December), 1–47. Retrieved from www.odi.org/twitter

73) Dadush, U. (2014). The Effect of Low-Skilled Labor Migration on the Host Economy The Effect of Low-Skilled Labor Migration on the Host Economy. Knomad, (April 2014), 25.

74) de Haas, H. (2008). The myth of invasion: The inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802386435

75) Garha, N. S. (2020). Punjabi irregular immigration to Italy and Spain: causes and consequences. South Asian Diaspora, 1– 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2020.1793449

76) Gaziulusoy, A. İ. (2020). The experiences of parents raising children in times of climate change: Towards a caring research agenda. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100017

77) Joly, D. (2000). Some structural effects of migration on receiving and sending countries. International Migration, 38(5), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00126

78) Koser, K. (2005). Irregular migration, state security and human security. A Paper Prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva.< Test. Gcim. Org/Attachements/TP5. Pdf>. Accessed March, (September), 33. Retrieved from http://iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/tp/TP5.pdf

79) Kosyakova, Y., & Brenzel, H. (2020). The role of length of asylum procedure and legal status in the labour market integration of refugees in Germany. Soziale Welt, 71(1–2), 123–159. https://doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-123

80) Kuhnt, J. (2019). Literature Review: Drivers of migration. Why do people leave their homes? Is there an easy answer? A structured overview of migratory determinants. Retrieved from www.die-gdi.de

81) Mayilvaganan, M. (2019). Illegal Migration and Strategic Challenges: A Case Study of Undocumented Migration from Bangladesh to India. Artha - Journal of Social Sciences, 18(4), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.51.2

82) Obokata, T. (2005). Trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity: Some implications for the international legal system. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei006

83) Qureshi, S. (2020). Why Data Matters for Development? Exploring Data Justice, Micro-Entrepreneurship, Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1736820

84) Seidman, R. B. (1972). Law and Development: A General Model. Law & Society Review, 6(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052987

85) Speciale, B. (2010). Immigration policies in the EU: Challenges and priorities. Reflets et Perspectives de La Vie Economique, 49(2–3), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.492.0121

86) Tallmeister, J. (2013). Is Immigration a Threat to Security? European Journal of Industrial Relations, (158), 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttps://www.eir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/%0Ahttp://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-tosecurity/

87) Tiwari, A. (2020). A STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (CAUSALITY & PREVENTION OF CRIME). International Journal of Advanced Research, 08(04), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10795

88) Ukwatta. (2010). ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE MIGRATION OF SRI LANKAN TRANSNATIONAL DOMESTIC WORKERS ON FAMILIES AND CHILDREN LEFT BEHIND Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies The University of A. (January).

89) United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking Fact Sheet No. 36. Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Fact Sheet(36), 70.

90) YA, M. (2016). Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal Migration from South Wollo, Ethiopia. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 07(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000188

VOlUME 06 ISSUE 02 FEBRUARY 2023