VOlUME 06 ISSUE 07 JULY 2023
Kumari Mamta
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i7-75Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
This paper is an attempt to exhibit the commonalities as well as variations present in the numeral systems of four Austro-Asiatic (AA) languages of India, namely Khasi, Pnar, Santali and Mundari. Khasi and Pnar are classified under the ‘Mon- Khmer Branch’ of AA family, while languages Mundari and Santali fall under the ‘Munda Branch’ of the same. This study assays the structure of counting systems in detail while simultaneously compares it with systems in other languages of the family. The paper not only analyses the cardinals and their structure, but also sheds light on other types of numerals and on the interaction of numerals with NP. The numeral classifier also has been discussed in this paper as the languages, Khasi and Pnar are numeral classifier languages.
KEYWORDS:Numerals, Morpho-syntax, Cardinals, Numeral classifier
REFERENCES
1) Adams, Karen L. 1989. Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian sub- families of Austroasiatic. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
2) Adams, Karen L. 1991. The influence of non-Austroasiatic languages on numeral classification in Austroasiatic. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111(1):62–81. ISSN 00030279. URL http://www.jstor.org/stable/603749.
3) Adams, Karen L. 1992. A comparison of the numeral classification of humans in Mon-Khmer. The Mon- Khmer Studies Journal, 21:107–129.
4) Aikhenvald,A.Y. 2000. Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. OUP Oxford.
5) Aikhenvald,A.Y.2006. Serial verb constructions in typological perspective. Serial verb constructions: A cross-linguistic typology, 1-68.
6) Barbiers, S.2005. Variation in the morphosyntax of ONE. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics, 8(3), 159-183.
7) Barbiers, S.2007. Indefinite numerals one and many and the cause of ordinal suppletion. Lingua, 117(5), 859-880.
8) Comrie, B.2005. Endangered numeral systems. In Bedrohte vielfalt: Aspekte des sprach (en) tods (pp. 203-230). Weißensee-Verl..
9) Comrie, B.2014. Typology of numeral systems. Numeral types and changes worldwide. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and monographs, 118.
10) Coupe, A. R.2007. Converging patterns of clause linkage in Nagaland. New challenges in typology: broadening the horizons and redefining the foundations, 341-363.
11) Daladier, Anne. 2015. The counting unit system of Pnar, War, Khasi, Lyngam and its traces in Austroasiatic composite cardinal systems. North East Indian Linguistics, 7:179–199.
12) David Gil.2013. Numeral Classifiers. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.)
13) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/55, Accessed on 2016-07-18.)
14) Dekel, N. 2014. Colloquial Israeli Hebrew: A corpus-based survey (Vol. 279). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
15) Diane Nelso & Ida Toivonen. 2000. Counting and the Grammar: Case and Numerals in Inari Sami. Leeds Working Papers 8.
16) Diffloth, G. 1976. Mon-Khmer numerals in Aslian languages. Linguistics,14(174), 31-38.
17) Diffloth, Gérard & Norman H. Zide (eds.). 1976. Austroasiatic Number Systems. Linguistics 174. Mouton.
18) Donohue, M.2008. Complexities with restricted numeral systems. Linguistic Typology 12. 423–429.
19) Evans, N.2009. Two pus one makes thirteen: Senary numerals in the Morehead-Maro region. Linguistic Typology, 13(2), 321-335.
20) Feigenson, L., Dehaene, S., & Spelke, E.2004. Core systems of number.Trends in cognitive sciences, 8(7), 307-314.
21) Greenberg, J. H.1972. Numeral Classifiers and Substantival Number: Problems in the Genesis of a Linguistic Type. Working Papers on Language Universals, No. 9.
22) Greenberg, J. H.1978. Generalizations about numeral systems. Universals of human language, 3, 249-295.
23) Hammarstrom, H.2009. Rarities in Numeral system. In WOhlgemuth, Jan & Cysouw, Michael (eds.) Rethinking Universals: How rarities affect Universals, De Gruyter Mouton. Germany.
24) Ring, Hiram. 2015. Pnar. In Jenny, Matthias & Paul Sidwell (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, Vol. 2, Ch. 27, pp. 1186–1226. Leiden: Brill.
25) Hurford, J. R.1994. Typology of Numeral-Noun Interaction. In Proceedings of the Edinburgh Linguistics Department Conference (Vol. 94, pp. 33-40).
26) Hurford, J. R.2011. The linguistic theory of numerals (Vol. 16). Cambridge University Press.
27) Hurford, J.R.1975. The Linguistic Theory of Numerals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28) Hurford, J.R.1987. Language and Number: The Emergence of a Cognitive System.
29) Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
30) Klamer, M., Schapper, A., Corbett, G., Holton, G., Kratochvil, F., &Robinson,L.C. 2014.
31) Numeral words and arithmetic operations in Alor-Pantar languages. The Alor-Pantar languages, 337.
32) Laycock, D. C.1975. Observations on number systems and semantics. New Guinea area languages and language study, 1(2), 19-2.
33) Lean, G. A.1992. Counting systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania. Papua New Guinea University of Technology.
34) Lyons, J.1995. Linguistic semantics: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
35) Rabel, L. (1961). Khasi, a language of Assam (No. 10). Louisiana State University Press.
36) Sidwell, Paul. 1999. The Austroasiatic numerals 1 to 10 from a historical and typological perspective. In Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.), Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide, Trends in linguistics, Studies and monographs, 118, pp. 253–272. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
37) Von Mengden, F.2008. The grammaticalization cline of cardinal numerals and numeral systems. TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, 76, 289.
38) Von Mengden, F.2010. Cardinal numerals: Old English from a cross-linguistic perspective (Vol. 67). Walter de Gruyter.
39) Zide, N. H. (1978). Studies in the Munda Numerals (Vol. 2). Central Institute of Indian Languages.
40) Zweig, E.2005,July. Nouns and adjectives in numeral NPs. In PROCEEDINGS-NELS (Vol. 35, No. 2, p. 663).