July 2024

Volume 07 Issue 07 July 2024
Factors Affecting the Health of Ethnic Minorities in China: Enhancingtheir Ability to Counter COVID-19
1Chen Huang, 2Dr. Nurul Syafiza Che Nan
1,2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;Faculty Economics And Management
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i07-107

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a serious public health emergency, and the virus is still mutating and has not yet ended.The global impact of the COVID 19 pandemic is not only limited to the economy, but also includes many other areas, including the lives and health of individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the health of ethnic minorities in China. Due to the lack of relevant literature examining the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the health of ethnic minorities in China, this paper attempts to analyse the common factors associated with the increase in the rate of inf ection and the increase in the mortality rate of ethnic minorities in other countries during the pandemic, including healthcare resources, by using a qualitative anal ysis approach and by reviewing a large amount of literature and data from questionnaires t hat have impacted on the health of aboriginal populations during the neo new crown epidemics in other countries, health facilities, income levels and government policies to waive treatment costs, etc., in order to gain insight into the correlation between these factors and the health status of ethnic minorities and their impact on the epidemic, in order to summarise the common factors affecting the health of ethnic minorities in China during the New Crown epidemic. The study found that most indigenous peopl es in other countries suffer from a lack of medical resources due to their remote location, a lack of healthy water sources and sanitation facilities that makes them more susceptible to infection with the Ne w Coronary Virus, as well as a combination of poo r income levels and unhealthy diets that lead to kidney disease and hypertension that add to the mortality rate of the New Coronary condition, and even in a small number of cases, serious mental health prob lems. And China's ethnic minorities also have simi lar social and economic marginalisation and similar living conditions as minorities in other countries. In order to better address this problem, it is recommended that the Government increase investment in medica l resources for ethnic minorities, raise inc ome levels, improve living environments and dietary structures, reduce the probability of kidney disease and hypertension complications by subsidising regular medical check ups for ethnic minorities in China, and help ethnic minorities in China to improve their resistance to the new coronary epidemic, which will be important for improving the health of ethnic minorities in China.

KEYWORDS:

COVID 19, health, ethnic minorities in China, economic marginalisation, kidney disease, healthcare resources, mortality rate

REFERENCES
1) Goh BL, Shanmuganathan M, Peariasamy K, Misnan NA, Chidambaram SK, Wong EFS, Pathmanathan MD, Ang KL, Wong HS, Yeap LLL(2022). COVID-19 death and kidney disease in a multiracial Asian country. Nephrology (Carlton). Jul;27(7):566-576. doi: 10.1111/nep.14045. Epub 2022 May 7. PMID: 35438223; PMCID: PMC9115296.

2) Kim, So Young, Dae Myoung Yoo, Chanyang Min, and Hyo Geun Choi(2021). "The Effects of Income Level on Susceptibility to COVID-19 and COVID-19 Morbidity/Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 20: 4733.https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10204733.

3) Miller A., Reandelar M., Fasciglione K., Roumenova V., Li Y., Otazu G(2020). Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: An epidemiological study. MedRxiv.

4) UN. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

5) Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al(2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med.382(13):1199-1207.

6) Abuelgasim E, Saw LJ, Shirke M, Zeinah M, Harky A(2020). COVID-19: Unique public health issues facing Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020 Aug;45(8):100621. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32448759; PMCID: PMC7207142.doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100621.

7) Wu C., Chen X., Cai Y., J., Zhou X., Xu S(2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in wuhan, china. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Mar 13.

8) Yashadhana, A., Pollard-Wharton, N., Zwi, A. B., & Biles, B(2020). Indigenous Australians at increased risk of COVID-19 due to existing health and socioeconomic inequities. The Lancet Regional Health -WesternPacific, 1,100007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100007.

9) Parpia, A. S., Martinez, I., El-Sayed, A. M., Wells, C. R., Myers, L., Duncan, J., Collins, J., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Galvani, A. P., & Pandey, A (2021). Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States. EClinicalMedicine, 33, 100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100761

10) Mude W, Oguoma VM, Nyanhanda T, Mwanri L, Njue C(2021). Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2021 Jun 26;11:05015. doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.05015.

11) Ibarra-Nava, I., Flores-Rodriguez, K. G., Ruiz-Herrera, V., Ochoa-Bayona, H. C., Salinas-Zertuche, A., Padilla-Orozco, M., & Salazar-Montalvo, R. G (2021). Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality in Mexico: A cross-sectional study based on national data. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0239168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239168

12) Wang, Y.J., Chen, X.P., Chen, W.J. et al (2020). Ethnicity and health inequalities: an empirical study based on the 2010 China survey of social change (CSSC) in Western China. BMC Public Health 20, 637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08579-8.

13) UN (2021). UN/DESA Policy Brief #70: The Impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

14) Markham, F., Smith, D., & Morphy, F(2021). How Indigenous communities have battled COVID-19. UBC Arts.

15) Gone, J. P., & Hartmann, W. E(2021). Cultural Sources of Strength and Resilience: A Case Study of Holistic Wellness Boxes for COVID-19 Response in Indigenous Communities. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 617120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.617120

16) UN(2020). Indigenous Peoples and the COVID-19 pandemic: a Global Overview. UNESCO.

17) Crooks K, Casey D, Ward JS. First Nations people leading the way in COVID-19 pandemic planning, response and management. Med J Aust. 2020;213:151-152.

18) Robertson R, Mian M, Sreedharan S, Lau P(2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on First Nations People Health Assessments in Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2021;33(5):595-597. doi:10.1177/10105395211011012.

19) Akhtar Allana(2020). Filipinos make up 4% of nurses in the US, but 31.5% of nurse deaths from COVID-19. Business Insider, 29 September. https://www.businessinsider.com/filipinos-make-up-disproportionate-covid-19-nurse-deaths-2020-9.

20) APM Research Lab Staff(2020. The color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the U.S. APM Research Lab. https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race.

21) Suggested Citation: Gustafsson, Björn; Sai, Ding (2008). Temporary and persistent poverty among ethnic minorities and the majority in rural China, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 3791,Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. https://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-20081126575.

22) Uradyn E. Bulag (2024) .The wheel of history and minorities’ ‘self-sacrifice’ for the Chinese nation. Comparative Education 60:1, pages 96-117.

23) Liu, S(2023). Research on anti-poverty efforts in China’s ethnic minority areas since the 1970s. Int. j. anthropol. ethnol. 7, 17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00096-x

24) Yin, X., Meng, Z., Yi, X. et al (2021). Are “Internet+” tactics the key to poverty alleviation in China’s rural ethnic minority areas? Empirical evidence from Sichuan Province. Financ Innov 7, 30 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00236-2

25) Xiang, Linglin, Xiang Deng, and Xiaosong Qu(2013). The spatiotemporal evolution of poverty in Southwest ethnic minority areas: An empirical analysis based on 110 poverty-stricken ethnic minority counties. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (humanities and Social Science) 2: 124–129.

26) Zhenyu Qi, Jinghu Pan, Yaya Feng(2024). Spatial Identification and Distribution Pattern of the Complexity of Rural Poverty in China Using Multisource Spatial Data. Article ID 7012402,Volume 2024,Hindawi. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7012402
Volume 07 Issue 07 July 2024

Indexed In

Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar