Current

VOlUME 04 ISSUE 01 JANUARY 2021
Examining the influence of Father’s and mother’s characteristics in positive and negative parenting practices
Dr. Demetris Hadjicharalambous
Lecturer, Psychology and Social Sciences Department, Frederick University, Cyprus
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i1-04

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

The present study aims to examine the influence of father’s and mother’s demographic characteristics in positive and negative parenting practices. Research sample consisted of 480 married parents who had children in the public primary school 6 – 12 years old. 68% of parents resided in urban areas, 75% were mothers, 72% had one or two children, 65% of parents were higher educated and 70% of parents had medium and high family income. Parents completed Alabama Parenting Questionnaire which refers to positive and negative parenting practices that parents adopt to raise their children. Research findings showed that parents’ gender, age, family income, residence, educational level and the number of children in the family and children’ gender are factors that affected parents’ effectiveness. Results indicated that mothers were more involved in their children lives and applied more positive parenting practices than fathers. Also, parent’s educational level, family income and parents’ residence were a significand’s factors in parenting practices. Findings reveal that higher educated parents, parents with higher family income, parents who lived in urban areas, parents who raised a girl and parents who have one or two children were more involved in their parental role, applied more positive parenting disciplines, they provided more mentoring / supervision to their children, used less corporal punishment and applied more other parenting techniques & disciplines (except corporal punishment) to their children. Furthermore, younger mothers seem to used more inconsistent and negative discipline and corporal punishment to their children than older mother. Results from this study can be used to design and implement parenting training programs to support and enchase parental role.

KEYWORDS

corporal punishment, inconsistent and negative discipline, parental involvement, parenting practices, positive parenting disciplines.

REFERENCES

1) Albritton, T., Angley, M., Grandelski, V., Hansen, N., & Kershaw, T. (2014). Looking for solutions: Gender differences in relationship and parenting challenges among low‐income, young parents. Family process, 53(4), 686-701.

2) Altafim, E. R. P., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2019). Preventive intervention for strengthening effective parenting practices: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62, 160-172.

3) Balan, R., Dobrean, A., Roman, G. D., & Balazsi, R. (2017). Indirect effects of parenting practices on internalizing problems among adolescents: the role of expressive suppression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0532-4.

4) Barnett, M. A., Deng, M., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Willoughby, M., & Cox, M. (2008). Interdependence of parenting of mothers and fathers of infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 561–573.

5) Bater, L. R., & Jordan, S. S. (2017). Child routines and self-regulation serially mediate parenting practices and externalizing problems in preschool children. Child and Youth Care Forum, 46(2), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9377-7.

6) Bezeveggis, Η. (2012). Family and child. Retrieved from blogs.sch.gr/ kkiourtsis/ files / 2012/10/8_meros.pdf.

7) Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2008). Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 539–558.

8) Booth, A. L., & Kee, H. J. (2009). Birth order matters: the effect of family size and birth order on educational attainment. Journal of Population Economics, 22(2), 367-397.

9) Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives, 2(11), 122-137.

10) Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80.

11) Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting self-efficacy among mothers of school-age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Family Relations, 49(1), 13-24.

12) Cox, M. J., Paley, B., Payne, C., & Burchinal, M. (1999). The transition to parenthood: Marital conflict and withdrawal and parent-infant interactions. In M. Cox & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Conflict and cohesion in families (pp. 87–104). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.

13) Dimitriou, L. (2001). The first 6 years of child’s life. Athens: Pedio.

14) Dunsmore, J. C., Booker, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2013). Parental emotion coaching and child emotion regulation as protective factors for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Social Development, 22(3), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00652.x.

15) Edin, K., Lein, L. Making ends meet. New York, NY: Russell Sage; 1997.

16) Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1.

17) Ertem, I. O., Atay, G., Dogan, D. G., Bayhan, A., Bingoler, B. E., Gok, C. G., ... & Isikli, S. (2007). Mothers' knowledge of young child development in a developing country. Child: care, health and development, 33(6), 728-737.

18) Fivush, R., Brotman, M. A., Buckner, J. P., & Goodman, S. H. (2000). Gender differences in parent–child emotion narratives. Sex Roles, 42, 233–253.

19) Florsheim, P., Sumida, E., McCann, C., Winstanley, M., Fukui, R., Seefeldt, T., & Moore, D. (2003). The transition to parenthood among young African American and Latino couples: Relational predictors of risk for parental dysfunction. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 65-79. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.65.

20) Font, S. A., & Berger, L. M. (2015). Child maltreatment and children ́s developmental trajectories in early to middle childhood. Child Development, 86(2), 536–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12322.

21) Galani, Α. Χ. (2011). The effect of the characteristics of the large and non-large family on the psychosocial development of children and adolescents. Master Thesis. Ioannina University, Greece.

22) Garside, R. B., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex roles, 47(3-4), 115-128.

23) Geary, D. C. (2010). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

24) Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000191.

25) Gonzalez, M., Jones, D., & Parent, J. (2014). Coparenting experiences in African American families: An examination of single mothers and their nonmarital coparents. Family Process, 53(1), 33-54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12063.

26) Graham, R. A., & Weems, C. F. (2015). Identifying moderators of the link between parent and child anxiety sensitivity: the roles of gender, positive parenting, and corporal punishment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 885–893. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10802-014-9945-y.

27) Gryczkowski, M. R., Jordan, S. S., & Mercer, S. H. (2010). Differential relations between mothers’ and fathers’ parenting practices and child externalizing behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 539–546.

28) Hadjicharalambous, D., & Demetriou, L. (2020). The Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship and Children’s Family, School and Social Competences in Cyprus. International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 7(1), 22-33.

29) Hadjicharalambous, D., & Dimitriou, L. (2020). The Relationship Between Parents’ Demographic Factors and Parenting Styles: Effects on Children’s Psychological Adjustment. Psychology, 10(4), 125-139.

30) Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Paul H Brookes Publishing.

31) Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2006). Assessing parenting practices through parent-report and direct observation during parent-training. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 554-567.

32) Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. J., & Russell, A. (2013). Parenting practices and prospective levels of hyperactivity/inattention across early- and middle-childhood. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(3), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9341-x.

33) Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In Bornstein, M. H. (ed.), Handbook of Parenting: Second Addition, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.

34) Johnson, A.M., Hawes, D.J., Eisenberg, N., Kohlhoff, J., & Dudeney, J. (2017). Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 5465-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001

35) Kainuwa, A., & Yusuf, N. B. M. (2013). Influence of socio-economic and educational background of parents on their children’s education in Nigeria. International journal of scientific and research publications, 3(10), 1-8.

36) Laskey, B. J., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2009). Parental discipline behaviours and beliefs about their child: associations with child internalizing and mediation relationships. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(5), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00977.x.

37) Lawson, D.W., & Mace, R. (2009). Trade-offs in modern parenting: A longitudinal study of sibling competition for parental care. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 170–183.

38) Lewis, C., & Lamb, M. E. (2003). Fathers' influences on children's development: The evidence from two-parent families. European Journal of Psychology of Education, XVIII, 211–228.

39) McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008a). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 806–827.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07311222.

40) McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.

41) McLoyd, VC., Aikens, NL., Burton, LM. (2006). Childhood poverty, policy, and practice. In: Renninger, KA.Sigel, IE., Damon, W., editors. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice. 6. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley;700-775. (Series Ed.)

42) Mills, R. L., Hastings, P. D., Helm, J., Serbin, L. A., Etezadi, J., Stack, D. M., & Li, H. H. (2012). Temperamental, parental, and contextual contributors to early‐emerging internalizing problems: a new integrative analysis approach. Social Development, 21(2), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00629.x.

43) Möller, E. L., Majdandžić, M., De Vente,W., & Bögels, S. M. (2013). The evolutionary basis of sex differences in parenting and its relationship with child anxiety in western societies. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 4, 88–117.

44) Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating father involvement in parenting research. Parenting, 12(2-3), 243-253.

45) Sebre, S. B., Jusiene, R., Dapkevice, E., Skreitule-Pikse, I., & Bieliauskaite, R. (2014). Parenting dimensions in relation to pre-schoolers' behaviour problems in Latvia and Lithuania. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(5), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414548774.

46) Shelton, K. K., Frick, P. J., & Wootton, J. (1996). Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(3), 317–329.

47) Simons, L. G., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Linking mother-father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(2), 212–241.

48) Surjadi, F. F., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., & Wickrama, K. S. (2013). Harsh, inconsistent parental discipline and romantic relationships: mediating processes of behavioral problems and ambivalence. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5), 762–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034114.

49) Święcicka, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Gambin, M., & Stolarski, M. (2019). Confirmation of the five-factor structure of the Parent Global Report version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire in a Polish community sample. Current Psychology, 1-13.

50) Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2014). The impact of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles on children’s later mental health in Japan: Focusing on parent and child gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 293-302.

51) Wagner, M. E., Schubert, H. J., & Schubert, D. S. (1985). Family size effects: A review. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146(1), 65-78.

52) Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress: Implications for gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems. Anxiety, depression, and emotion, 222, 265.

VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 JANUARY 2021

Latest Article and Current Issue

COMPETENCY OF OVERSEAS STUDENT IN OVERCOMING THE CULTURE SHOCK AMONG INDONESIAN STUDENTS

By 1Rahmadya Putra Nugraha, 2Nor Fauziana Ibrahim,3 Tai Hen Toong

Indexed In

Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar