Current

VOlUME 04 ISSUE 05 MAY 2021
On Women of Rido: A Film Analysis of “Women of The Weeping River” by Sheron Dayoc (2016) Through the Lens of Hamm-Ehsani, Wang, Feldman, and Hsu
1Daniela Regina V. Jacinto, 2Vincent Abner C. Linao, 3Sherina Krystel I. Peña, 4Julia Rikki G. San Jose
1,2,3,4De La Salle University Senior High School Department
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i5-16

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

Several films today include the narratives of Muslim communities. Due to the vast array of movies on the subject, Muslim communities’ representation has opened many representations and interpretations, whether positive or negative. The independent film “Women of the Weeping River” (WOTWR), by Sheron Dayoc, is one of the many indie films in the Philippines that includes the Muslim community. Using the lenses of Stuart Hall (1997) “Theory of Representation,” the researchers focused on how producers utilize elements of the film in crafting their representations towards cultural groups. This study focuses on this film to elaborate the potential of independent cinema in terms of minorities and highlight social issues. In the case of WOTWR, the study also emphasizes how the Muslim community throughout the film also portrays Islamic women and the film’s influence regarding the formation of viewers’ perspectives towards the selected cultural group. Through an analysis of WOTWR, this study also aims to discuss how indie films can break away and are capable of breaking away and alluding to mainstream cinema milestones. Several frameworks like Yihan Wang’s “Ethnic Boundary and Literature/Image Representation,” Mark B. Feldman and Hsuan L. Hsu’s “Introduction: Race, Environment, and Representation,” and Karin Hamm-Ehsani’s “Intersections: Issues of National, Ethnic, and Sexual Identity in Kutlug Ataman’s Berlin Film Lola und Bilidikid,” were utilized in close reading, providing the reader with several perspectives. The study proved that independent film such as WOTWR is a powerful tool when it comes to representation because of having the privilege of autonomy.

KEYWORDS

Muslims; independent films; representation; social issues; Islamic women

REFERENCES

1) ABS-CBN News. (2019). Group wary of discrimination vs. Muslims in urban areas after Mindanao bombings. Retrieved from https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/01/19/group-wary-of-discrimination-vs-muslims-in-urban-areas-after-mindanao-bombings
2) Akbarzadeh, S. & Smith, B. The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media (The Age and Herald Sun Newspapers). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8645594/The_Representation_of_Islam_and_Muslims_in_the_Media
3) Akyol, M. (2018, August 28). Opinion | Why Do Muslims Slaughter Animals for God? (Published 2018). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/opinion/eid-al-adha-sacrifice-isaac.html
4) Al-Halawani, A. (2018). 5 Conditions to Get Your Repentance Accepted. Retrieved from https://aboutislam.net/shariah/refine-your-heart/advice/repentance-and-its-conditions/
5) Allen, M. (2017). The sage encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc DOI: 10.4135/9781483381411
6) Angeles, V. (2009). Constructing Identity: Visual Expressions of Islam in the predominantly Catholic Philippines. In Angeles V., Kolig E., & Wong S. (Eds.), Identity in Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia (pp. 195-218). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt46n248.15
7) Angeles, V. (2016) Philippine Muslims on Screen: From Villains to Heroes. Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 20: Iss. 1, Article 6.
8) Aqel, R. (April 2019). Rewriting a New Future of Arab and Muslim Representation. Sundance Institute. Retrieved from https://www.sundance.org/blogs/rewriting-a-new-future-of-arab-and-muslim-representation
9) Asian Film Festivals. (March 2019). Asian Cinema Fund - Submission Call 2019. Retrieved from https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2019/03/18/asian-cinema-fund-submission-call-2019/
10) Asia Pacific Screen Awards. (n.d.). About Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Retrieved from https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/about
11) Asian Project Market. (n.d.). Asian Project Market (APM). Retrieved from http://apm.biff.kr/eng/addon/10000001/page.asp?page_num=1268
12) Bangsamoro Basic Law, H.R. 4494, 16th Cong. (2014). https://peacebuilderscommunity.org/documents/BBL-House-Bill-No-4994.pdf
13) Bara, H. (n.d.). The History of the Muslim in the Philippines. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/central-cultural-communities/the-history-of-the-mAmerican society-Phillippines/
14) BBC. (n.d.). War and peace. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfnv87h/revision/5
15) BBC. (2018). Boris Johnson's burka jibe: Why do some Muslim women wear the veil?. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45112792
16) Bogarosh, N. (2008). Blockbuster movies and what they teach us about women in AAmericanociety (Order No. 1468980). Available from ProQuest Central. (304388589). Retrieved from https://login.proxy038.nclive.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304388589?accountid=10098
17) BOHE Sons of The Waves. (July 2012). In Facebook [Entertainment Page] Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/BoheSonsOfTheWaves/
18) Chandran, R. (2018). Driven from home, Philippine indigenous people long for their land. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-landrights-crime/driven-from-home-philippine-indigenous-people-long-for-their-land-idUSKBN1HQ034
19) Cinando. (n.d.). Haut Les Mains Productions. Retrieved from https://cinando.com/en/Company/hautlesmains_productions_39112/Detail
20) Corbin, C. (2017). Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda. Retrieved from https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5437&context=flr
21) Diaz, P. (n.d.). Prejudice and Pride in the Philippine Entertainment Media: Constructing the Muslim Image in Selected Films in the Philippines.
Retrieved from http://www.muslimmindanao.ph/mass_media/PP%20in%20the%20Philippine%20Entertainment%20Media%20-%20Report.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR0jkVmT_L6ZJqsmeoJyiofnbN5GxnallmAs77z3LQKwq8kOG4gfLmdI0gw
22) EAVE. (n.d.). About EAVE. Retrieved from https://eave.org/about
23) EAVE. (n.d). Ties That Bind 2020. Retrieved from https://eave.org/programmes/ties-that-bind-2020#:~:text=TIES%20THAT%20BIND%20is%20the,industry%20professionals%20from%20both%20continents
24) Feldman, M.B., & Hsu, H.L. (2007). Introduction: Race, Environment, and Representation. Discourse 29(2), 199-214. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/266834.
25) Fernandez, A. (June 2013). “Indie filmmakers abducted in Sulu showcased Moro pride in their work.” GMA News Online. Retrieved from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/314710/indie-filmmakers-abducted-in-sulu-showcased-moro-pride-in-their-work/story/
26) Film Development Council of the Philippines. (n.d.). Metro Manila Film Festival. Retrieved from https://www.fdcp.ph/festivals/metro-manila-film-festival
27) Find Glocal. (n.d.). Quezon City Film Development Commission. Retrieved from http://www.findglocal.com/PH/Quezon-City/438921542795246/Quezon-City-Film-Development-Commission-%28QCFDC%29
28) Flores, L. (2020). Hospitals in the Philippines: Where they are – and aren’t. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/locations-mapping-hospitals-healthcare-facilities-philippines
29) Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (1st ed., pp. 409–422). Sage.
30) Gavilan, J. (May 2017). FAST FACTS: Poverty in Mindanao. Rappler News. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-poverty-mindanao
31) Giles, D. (2003). Media Psychology. (1st ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
32) Guison, D. (2015). "Heneral Luna" Blurs The Line Between Mainstream and Indie. Retrieved from https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/articles/632/heneral-luna-blurs-the-line-between-mainstream-and-indie
33) Gutierrez III, J. For the Youth: Pursuing Sustainability in Filipino Indie Filmmaking. Retrieved from http://www.plarideljournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2011-02-Gutierrez.pdf
34) Hall, S. (1997) ‘The spectacle of the “other”’ in Hall, S. (ed.) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London/Thousand Oaks, CA/New Delhi: Sage, pp. 225 – 239 only.
35) Hellerman, J. (2019, April). Understanding Film Theory: An Essential Guide. No Film School; No Film School. https://nofilmschool.com/Film-theory-basic-terms#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20main%20types,Realism%2C%20Classical%2C%20and%20Formalism.
36) Hamm-Ehsani, K. (September 2008). Intersections: Issues of National, Ethnic, and Sexual Identity in Kutlug Ataman's Berlin Film Lola und Bilidikid. Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 44(3), 366-381. doi:10.1353/smr.0.0034.
37) Hannabuss, S. (2000). Being there: Ethnographic research and autobiography. Library Management, 21(2), 99-107. DOI:10.1108/01435120010309425
38) Hassan, S. (May 2020). Dreams in Islam | Can My Dreams Come True? Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1fFChz4BOU
39) Haut Les Mains. (n.d). About. Retrieved from http://hautlesmainsproductions.fr/index.php/a-propos/
40) Hawson, F. (March 2020). YouTube movie reviews: ‘K’Na The Dreamweaver,’ ‘Water Lemon,’ ‘Dormitoryo. ABS CBN News. Retrieved from https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/03/22/20/youtube-movie-reviews-kna-the-dreamweaver-water-lemon-dormitoryo
41) Howe, J. (2020). The Routledge Handbook of Islam and gender. Routledge.
42) IBON Media and Communications. (2020). The Family Living Wage, as of February 2020. Retrieved from https://www.ibon.org/the-family-living-wage-as-of-february-2020/
43) Indie Films Dee. (2019). Why You Should Support Independent Films. Retrieved from https://vocal.media/geeks/why-you-should-support-independent-film
44) Island Studies. (n.d.). Mindanao. Retrieved from http://islandstudies.com/files/2016/11/Mindanao.pdf
45) IFFR. (n.d.). Hubert Bals Fund. Retrieved from https://iffr.com/en/hubert-bals-fund
46) Islamic Circle of North America (n.d.). What is orientalism?. Retrieved from https://www.whyislam.org/americanmuslims/orientalism/
47) Kaufman, S. (2011). Symbols, Frames, and Violence: Studying Ethnic War in the Philippines. International Studies Quarterly, 55(4), 937-958. Retrieved August 29, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41409806
48) Kaul V. Representation of social issues in films. Madhya Pradesh Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;19(1):139. Accessed August 11, 2020. http://0-search.ebscohost.com.lib1000.dlsu.edu.ph/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgit&AN=edsgit.A436230259&site=eds-live
49) Kanji, A. (2018). Framing Muslims in the “War on Terror”: Representations of Ideological Violence by Muslim versus Non-Muslim Perpetrators in Canadian National News Media. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/9/274
50) Kazmi, F. & Kumar, S. (2011). The Politics of Muslim Identity and the Nature of Public Imagination in India: Media and Films as Major Determinant: European Journal of Economic and Political Studies. Retrieved from https://rb.gy/y7jpwm
51) Kellner, D. (1991). Film, politics, and ideology: reflections on Hollywood film in the Age of Reagan. Velvet Light Trap, 9+.
52) Kia A. (2019). The concept of responsibility of men and women in Islam. Art Human Open Acc J. 2019;3(5):247-251. DOI: 10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00137
53) Killian, C. (2019). Why do Muslim women wear a Hijab?. Retrieved from https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/323036/why-do-muslim-women-wear-a-hijab/
54) Krawncheco. (2020). Chapter 3. The importance of land for Indigenous economic development. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/nkqjJqG
55) Lopez, J. (2020). 7 Things You Probably Didn't Know About 'Through Night And Day.’ Retrieved from https://www.msn.com/en-ph/lifestyle/other/7-things-you-probably-didn-t-know-about-through-night-and-day/ar-BB16T23j?li=BBr8Mkn
56) Lynch, O. (1984). Ancestral Land and Cultural Survival. Retrieved from https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/ancestral-land-and-cultural-survival
57) Madale, A. (1998). Muslims: The Misunderstood Filipinos. Philippine Studies, 46(4), 492-503. Retrieved August 29, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634286
58) Marcelo, V. (2018). The Bangsamoro Organic Law: Everything you need to know. Retrieved from https://cnn.ph/3c88Kkj
59) Marie Curie Organization. (April 2020). Iddah was my time to heal, mourn and reflect after my husband’s death. Retrieved from https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/blog/iddah-was-my-time-to-heal-mourn-and-reflect-after-my-husbands-death/273522
60) McRitchie, D. I. (1995). Cultural materialism and the teaching of media: The lesson of Raymond Williams. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/709
61) Mirza, F. (2019). Religious view: Light plays key roles on Islam. Retrieved from https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/solano-religion/local-religion-columnists/religious-perspective-light-plays-key-role-in-islam/
62) Monaco, J. (2009). How to read a film: movies, media, and beyond: art, technology, language, history, theory (4th ed., pp. 74–124; 172-214). Oxford University Press.
63) Nashville Film Institute. (2020, September 19). Film Theory: 40 Things You Need to Know - NFI. NFI. https://www.nfi.edu/film-theory/
64) National Public Radio Organization. (2010). Muslim Women Debate Gender Segregation In Mosques. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124623737
65) Nereim, V. (2019). Saudi Cleric Calls Mosque Segregation `Phobia of Women' Retrieved from https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/saudi-cleric-calls-mosque-segregation-phobia-of-women
66) Newman, M. (2009). Indie Culture: In Pursuit of the Authentic Autonomous Alternative. Cinema Journal, 48(3), 16-34. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20484466
67) Norsk Filminstitutt. (n.d.). Sørfond/The Norweigan South Film Fund. Retrieved from https://www.nfi.no/eng/grantsfunding/south-fund
68) Nubla, G. (2011). Managing the “Moro Problem”: Fractured Nation/Narration in Bagong Buwan. positions: east Asia cultures critique 19(2), 393-420. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/453332.
69) Ortner, S. B. (2012). Against Hollywood: American independent film as a critical cultural movement. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2(2), 1-21.
70) Padilla, S. (February 2016). What The West Gets Wrong About Muslim Women. Test Tube News. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzKyzS8Y6IY
71) Policarpio, A. (2020). Alessandra on why box-office flop ‘Through Night and Day’ is most watched on Netflix. Retrieved from https://entertainment.inquirer.net/385873/alessandra-on-why-box-office-flop-through-night-and-day-is-most-watched-on-netflix
72) Porterfield, Matthew. 2011. “If we speak with honesty, will people listen & respond?” Truly Free Film (blog).
73) Primer Media Inc, & Primer Media Inc. (2017). Mainstream and Indie: The Philippines’ Film Industry. Blog. https://primer.com.ph/blog/2017/01/02/mainstream-and-indie-the-philippines-film-industry/
74) Production Hub. (n.d.). Southern Lantern Studios. Retrieved from https://www.productionhub.com/profiles/details/334317
75) Project Virkurso. (2020). Clodualdo del Mundo, Jr. on Philippine Cinema | Project Virkurso Lecture Series [YouTube Video]. On YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb9NFslm1hM
76) Research Guides: Film Genres: Independent films. (2012). Dartmouth.Edu. https://researchguides.dartmouth.edu/filmgenres/independents
77) Sanders, J. (2002). Ethnic Boundaries and Identity in Plural Societies. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/vkq36W0
78) Said, E. (2003). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
79) Sajid, A. (April 2009). Death and Islam For Muslims, life decides the afterlife. New Statesman. Retrieved from https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-faith-column/0000/00/holy-qur-muslims-life-death
80) Schafer, D. (2002). Islam and Terrorism: A Humanist View. Retrieved from https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/islam-terrorism-humanist-view/
81) Shah, V. (2015, June 03). The Role of Film in Society. Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://thoughteconomics.com/the-role-of-film-in-society/
82) Simoens, C. (May 2018). Women as mediators: and indispensable choice. Retrieved from https://www.glo-be.be/en/articles/women-mediators-indispensable-choice
83) Sollano, F. (2011, March 20). The Situation and Directions of Philippine Independent Cinema. Retrieved from https://culture360.asef.org/magazine/situation-and-directions-philippine-independent-cinema/
84) Stacey, A. (2014). Forgiveness Vs. Retaliation (Part 1 Of 2): To Forgive Or Not To Forgive; That Is The Question. Retrieved from https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10722/viewall/forgiveness-vs-retaliation/
85) Sundance Institute. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved from https://www.sundance.org/about/us#our-story
86) Szabo, Carrie. (2010). "Independent, Mainstream and In-Between: How and Why Indie Films Have Become Their Own Genre" Honors College Theses. Paper 96. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/96
87) TBA Studios. (2020, May 08). Women of the Weeping River. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.tba.ph/women-of-the-weeping-river/
88) TBA Studios. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://www.tba.ph/about/
89) The New Humanitarian. (June 2009). Vendettas and violence on Mindanao - analysis. Retrieved from https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/246136
90) The Writing Center. (2017). Film Analysis. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/film-analysis/
91) Toohey, A. (2005). "Badjao": Cinematic Representations of Difference in the Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 36(2), 281-312. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20072648
92) Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://www.reelasian.com/about/
93) Torres III, W. M. (2014). Rido: Clan Feuding and Conflict Management in Mindanao. Retrieved from https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/RidoTOC.pdf
94) Uenal, F. (2016). Disentangling Islamophobia: The Differential Effects of Symbolic, Realistic, and Terroristic Threat Perceptions as Mediators Between Social Dominance Orientation and Islamophobia. Retrieved from https://jspp.psychopen.eu/article/view/463
95) Unitarian Universalist Organization. (n.d.). Handout 3: Position - Muslim Women Are Not Equal. Retrieved from https://www.uua.org/re/tapestry/youth/bridges/workshop14/185708.shtml.
96) United Nations Women Organization. (February 2019). Passage of the Bangsamoro Organic Law promises new hope for women in Southern Philippines. Retrieved from https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2019/02/bangsamoro-organic-law-promises-new-hope-for-women
97) Vedantu. (n.d.). Grasshopper Life Cycle. Retrieved from https://www.vedantu.com/biology/grasshopper-lifecycle#:~:text=Grasshopper%20lifespan%20is%20approximately%20one%20year.&text=Grasshoppers%20replicate%20in%20large%20numbers,the%20grasshopper%20population%20next%20summer.
98) Verhoeven, B. (2018). Indie Films Are ‘Alive and Well’ Because of Digital Platforms, Insiders Say. Retrieved from https://www.thewrap.com/independent-films-indies-alive-because-of-digital-platforms/
99) Wang, N. (2017). Is MMFF 2016 a big success?. Retrieved from https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/225736
100) Wang, Y. (2019). Ethnic Boundary and Literature/Image Representation. Comparative Literature Studies 56(3), 520-540. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/735023.
101) Ward, L. (2007, January 25). From Aladdin to Lost Ark, Muslims get angry at 'bad guy' film images. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/25/broadcasting.race
102) War On Screen. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved from https://waronscreen.com/en#:~:text=September%2029th%20to%20October%204th%202020%20%E2%80%A2%208th%20edition&text=War%20on%20Screen%20festival%20is,cinema%20and%20in%20animated%20image
103) WGBH Educational Foundation. (2001). Common Western perceptions about Islam and the Middle East. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/types/
104) Yapan, A. (2011). Feudal Desires: Sexualizing Agriculture in the Philippine Film Industry. positions: east Asia cultures critique 19(2), 499-524. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/453336.
105) Young Critics Circle Film Desk. (n.d.). History. Retrieved from https://yccfilmdesk.wordpress.com/history/

VOlUME 04 ISSUE 05 MAY 2021

Indexed In

Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar