Volume 07 Issue 09 September 2024
1Akanji, T.A., 2Olatokun, W.M., 3Agbaje, F.I., 4Eselebor, W., 5Bello, T.Y, 6Yusuf, 7O.L Ishola, A.V.
1,2,3,4University of Ibadan, Nigeria
5Koladaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
6Lagos State University, Nigeria
7University of Ibadan
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i09-28Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
The North-East of Nigeria has been bedevilled with security challenges ranging from farmers-herders conflict to terrorism. These conflicts have increasingly threatened lives, economy and livelihood in the region. The lack of adequate and timely information has exacerbated threat thresholds. Extant studies have identified a dearth in intelligence gathering and a corresponding ineffectiveness of the information gathering chain. This gap has been underscored by incidences experienced in the North-East region of Nigeria. Engaging secondary sources of data, majorly through literature search, the paper posits that information gathering in the North-East of Nigeria is a four-tier function which resonates around the local population, the non-governmental organisations (NGO)/Civil Society Organisations (CSO), the media and the Government. The challenges bedevilling effective information gathering were identified. The paper concludes and recommends that there is a need for synergy between the media, INGOs/NGOs, the Government and the local population and, to calibrate information gathering with action in North-East Nigeria.
KEYWORDS:Security, Information-gathering, Conflict, Northeast Nigeria
REFERENCES1) Achumba, I.C., Ighomereho, O.S. & Akpan-Robaro, M.O. 2013. Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 4.2:79-99.
2) Akinsola M.J. 2019. Security, Conflict and Information Management in Nigeria. a. https://www.proshareng.com/news/SECURITY%20&%20SUPPORT/Security--Conflict-and-Information-Management-in-Nigeria/47106 accessed 10 January, 2021.
3) Ali1, M.B. & Umar, A.G. The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Fighting Against Terrorism Disaster in North-Eastern Nigeria- A Review.
4) Baginski, M. (2007). Foreword in Timothy Christenson (ed.), Improving the Law Enforcement-Intelligence Community Relationship, NDIC Press, National Defence Intelligence College Washington, DC.
5) Bennet, R. (1996). Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra Changed History. Portland, OR:Frank Cass.
6) Campbell, J and Harwood, A. 2018. “Boko Haram’s Deadly Impact,” Council on Foreign Relations. https://displacement.iom.int/nigeria accessed 10 November, 2020.
7) Culbertson, H. 2014. Citizen Journalism: Valuable, Useless or Dangerous? Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 91.1:190–192.
8) Debarre, A. 2019. Providing Healthcare in Armed Conflict: The Case of Nigeria. New York: International Peace Institute
9) Dorn, Walter. 2001. United Nations Information-Gathering for Peace and Security. Ed. Peter Hajnal. International Information: Documents, Publications and Information Systems of International Governmental Organizations. Englewood, CO.:Libraries Unlimited
10) Eguiluz, L. 2018. The Situation in Northeast Nigeria Is Deteriorating after Years of Conflict. www.msf.org/situation-northeast-nigeria-deteriorating-after-yearsconflict accessed 10 November, 2020.
11) Enahoro, D. 2010. “National Security Strategy: Options” Lecture Delivered to the National Defence College Course 18 Participants, Abuja, January.
12) Ess, C. 2009. Digital Media Ethics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
13) Fehl, C. and Mockova, E. Chasing Justice for Syria. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt
14) Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise (2005). Customary international humanitarian law. International Committee of the Red Cross, Cambridge University Press.
15) Hinton, S., & Hjorth, L. 2013. Understanding Social Media. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
16) Ilogho, A. 2006. “The Activities of Joint Task Force Operation Restore Hope” Being Brief for Chief of Defence Staff, Warri, September 6.
17) Inter-Sector Coordination Group, 2018. “Periodic Monitoring Report, January to June, 2018,” a. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/28092018_nga_pmr_january_june_2018.pdf Accessed 12 November, 2020
18) Jakobsen, P. V. 2011. Focus on the can effect misses the point: The real media impact on conflict management is invisible and indirect. Journal of Peace Research 37.2:131-143.
19) Kallon, E.M. 2017 “Strategic Vision to Support a Coordinated Platform for the Delivery of Humanitarian and Development Assistance in Nigeria,” UN Office of the Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator Nigeria.
20) Kegley, C. 2007. World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: Columbia University Press.
21) Kendie, S. B. 2007. Conflict in Northern Ghana: A long-standing challenge for poverty-reduction initiatives. DISCAP Discussion Paper, 1-6.
22) Lowenthal, M.M. 2009. From Secrets to Policy, 4th Edition Washington DC: CQ Press
23) MacLean,R. 2018. “Nigerians Forced Out by Boko Haram Return to Ruins and Continuing Risk. a. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jul/27/nigerians-forced-out-by-boko-haram-return-to-ruins-and-continuing-risk Accessed 13 October, 2020
24) McIlreavy, P. and Schopp, J. 2017. A Collective Shame: The Response to the Humanitarian Crisis in North-Eastern Nigeria. https://odihpn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/he-70-web.pdf Accessed 13 October, 2020
25) McQuail, D. 1992. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest London: Sage.
26) Meikle, G., & Young, S. 2012. Media Convergence: Networked Digital Media in Everyday Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
27) Melon, V. 2002. Pervasive computing
28) Mensah, R.O., Boasiako, N.O. & Acquah, A. 2017. Assessing the Role of the Mass Media to Conflict Resolution in Tuabodom. New Media and Mass Communication. 63.1
29) Momoh, Z. 2018. Development Partners, Humanitarian Assistance and Quest for Re-Construction of North-Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews. 8.2:33 – 48,
30) Ngboawaji, D.N. 2013. An Analysis of Intelligence Support to Security Operations in Nigeria: A Review of Some Joint Task Force Operations. Peace and Security Review. 5.9:1-23
31) Ngwodo, C. 2017. The Great Unravelling: The Disintegration of the Nigerian State.www.republic.com.ng Accessed 13 January, 2021
32) Nigeria INGO Forum. 2018. “Humanitarians Express Concerns about the Ability to Meet the Needs of Civilians Relocated to Bama,” http://ingoforum.ng/nigeria-ingo-forum-public-statement-on-relocation-of-idps-to-bama/ Accessed 12 November 2020
33) Olojo, A. 2019. Humanitarian aid in Nigeria’s north-east: helping or hurting?. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/humanitarian-aid-in-nigerias-north-east-helping-or-hurting Accessed 28 October, 2020
34) Phenson, U.A., Ojie, P.A., Esin, J.O. and Atai. A.J. 2014. Essential Elements of Security and their Applications in Ensuring Stability and Integration of Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance. 5.3
35) SFCG. 2017. Baseline Evaluation of Early Warning/Early Response Mechanisms in Northern Nigeria – Phase III. Abuja: Search for Common Grounds
36) 2018. Why Did Nigeria Ban UNICEF?,” The Economist,
37) Vamos-Goldman, Andras. 2017. The Importance of Professional Expertise in Gathering Evidence of Mass Atrocities. https://www.justsecurity.org/46355/rules-govern-evidence-gathering-conflict-zones/ Accessed 29 October, 2020
38) Wolfsfeld, G. 1997. Media and political conflict: News from the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.