February 2025

Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2025
The Alignment/Linkage of Students’ Academic Competence Experienced inSecondary Schools and Universities. A Case Study of Competence-BasedCurriculum Implementation in Tanzania
1Hassan Khalfan Hamidu, 2Ishemo Rwegasha Peter
1,2Department of Education Foundations & Department of Curriculum and Instruction – Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.BOX 3038, MOROGORO, TANZANIA
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v8-i2-58

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

Many developing countries have been working hard towards achieving quality education. This endeavour provides a high-quality combination of curriculum, assessment, and training that makes graduates capable of being socially effective and economically productive. The education systems have been implementing the Competence-based curriculum to improve the teaching, learning and competence of the students. The greater attention has focused on the ability of students to carry out and demonstrate the competence they have acquired from the educational institutions. Implementing the Competence-based curriculum in Tanzanian secondary schools has not been impressive. The execution encounters various challenges that have been affecting teachers, students and the system of education. This paper explores the alignment/linkage of competence experienced in secondary schools and universities. The purpose is to explore whether the competence acquired in secondary schools enables students to link to the anticipated competence at the universities. The study found that students and teachers lack an understanding of the Competence-based curriculum. Due to the lack of clear understanding then educational practices are conducted inappropriately according to the Competence Based Curriculum. Often competencies presented in the educational documents remains fully unrealized in the secondary schools despite the plethora of educators providing some strategies for improving the acquisition of secondary school competence. It is suggested that the quality of education needs to be improved and the education system produces graduates with appropriate knowledge, skills and competence. The foregoing will make graduates acceptable and recognized nationally, regionally and internationally.

disparity, criminal, court decisions, sentencing theories, the purpose of punishment

REFERENCES
1) Anderson-Levitt, K. M. (Ed.). (2011). Anthropologies of Education: A Global Guide to Ethnographic Studies of Learning and Schooling. New York: Berghahn Books.

2) Anyango, M, Odhiambo, A, Wagude, J. (2020). Stakeholder Consultation and Implementation of Competence-based Education Programme in Public Primary Schools in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy. Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

3) Assey, E. (2022). The strategies of improving the effective implementation of the Competence-based curriculum in secondary schools in Tanzania: the case study of Tabora region. Journal of Education and Practice 6(3), pp 13-33.

4) Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications Inc.

5) Central Board of Secondary Education (2020). 21st Century Skills: A Handbook by Central Board of Secondary Education. New Delhi: Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre.

6) Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th Ed.). USA: Routledge.

7) Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd Ed.). USA: Sage Publications.

8) Della-Porta, D. & Keating, M. (2008). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: A pluralist perspective. USA: Cambridge University Press.

9) Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research (4th Ed). London EC1Y ISP: SAGE Publications Ltd.

10) Foster, N. and M. Piacentini (eds.) (2023). Innovating Assessments to Measure and Support Complex Skills. Paris: OECD Publishing.

11) HakiElimu (2013, May). Statement on 2012 Form IV results: Joint civil society statement on the government's decision to nullify 2012 Form 4 results. Dar es Salaam: HakiElimu.

12) Hardman, F. (2009). A review of teacher education in Tanzania and the potential for closer links between PRESET and INSET. A report produced in support of the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) for the development of an INSET strategy and development plan linked to the Teacher Development and Management Strategy (TDMS) 2008-2013. MoEVT-UNICEF.

13) Kabombwe, Y. M. and Mulenga, I. M. (2019). Implementation of the Competence-based curriculum by teachers of History in selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka district, Zambia. International Journal of Education and Research 7(2), pp.117-130.

14) Kafyulilo, A. C., Rugambuka, I. B., & Moses, I. (2012). The implementation of competence-based teaching approaches in Tanzania: The case of pre-service teachers at Morogoro teacher training college. Universal Journal of Education and General Studies, 1(11), 339-347.

15) Kahwa, J. (2009). Identification of the gaps between intentions and practices in the implementation of the 2005 revised biology curriculum. Unpublished Masters Dissertation. University of Dar es Salaam.

16) Kenya National Union of Teachers (2019). Teacher preparedness for the implementation of the Competence-based curriculum in preprimary and lower primary grades in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.

17) Kimaryo, L.L. (2011, December). Strategies for improving competence-based education in Tanzania: Experiences insights and possibilities. A paper presented on the fourth community of practice for learner-centered education conference. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

18) Komba, S.C. & Mwandanji, M. (2015). Reflection on the implementation of Competence-based curriculum in Tanzanian secondary schools. Journal of Education and Learning 4(2), 73-80.

19) Komba, W.L. and Kumbi, E. (2008) Teacher Professional Development in Tanzania: Perceptions and Practices. Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 11, 67-83.

20) Kopweh, P. S. (2014). Curriculum development in Tanzania: An investigation of the formulation, management and implementation of the 2005 curriculum reform in selected disadvantaged districts. PhD Thesis. University of Glasgow.

21) Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (2nd revised version). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd, Publishers.

22) Kousainov, A. K. (2016). The ways of improving the quality of secondary education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. EEIA 2016-SHS Web of Conferences 9, 01036.

23) Marion, D. (2020). Challenges Experienced by Educators In The Implementation of Competence-Based Curriculum Programme in Kenya: The Case of Primary Schools In Kenya (Unpublished Masters Project, the United States International University – Africa).

24) Mason, J. (2006). Mixing methods in a qualitatively driven way. Qualitative Research 6(9), 9-25. doi: 10.1177/1468794106058866

25) Mcmillan, J. H. (2000). Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc.

26) Merriam, S.B. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27) Mertens, D.M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.

28) Ministry of Education (2015). Competence Based Curriculum: Summary of Curriculum Framework. Pre-Primary to Upper Secondary. Rwanda Ministry of Education.

29) Ministry of General Education. (2013). The Zambia Curriculum Framework. Lusaka: Curriculum Development Center.

30) Mokoro, D. (2020). Perception of Teachers on their Preparedness for Implementation of the Competence-based curriculum among Secondary Schools in Arumeru District, Tanzania. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences (EAJESS), 1(2), 109-117.

31) Monsha M. (2012). What if the doors of every schoolhouse opened to social-emotional learning tomorrow: Reflections on how to feasibly scale up high-quality SEL. Educational Psychologist, 54:3:233-245.

32) Msonde, C.E. (2011). Enhancing teachers' competencies on learner-centered approaches through learning study in Tanzanian schools (Doctoral Dissertation), The University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/146125.

33) Muneja, M. S. (2016). Secondary School Teacher's Implementation of the Competence-based curriculum in the Arusha Region. Dissertation for Award of MSc Degree at the University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

34) Mushi, P.A.K. (2009). History and development of education in Tanzania. Tanzania: Dar es Salaam University Press.

35) Nkya, H., Huang, F., Mwakabungu, F. (2021). Implementation of Competence-based curriculum in Tanzania: Perceptions, Challenges and Prospects. A Case of Secondary School Teachers in Arusha Region. Journal of Education and Practice 12(19), pp.34-41

36) Ondimu, S. M. (2018). Teachers' Preparedness for Implementation of the Competence-based curriculum in Private Pre-schools in Dagoretti North Sub- County, Nairobi City County (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Nairobi).

37) Owuor, E.A. (2022). A Comparative Study on Factors Influencing Implementation of Competence-based Curriculum in Private and Public Primary Schools in Mbita Sub-County, Kenya. University of Nairobi, Kenya.

38) Paulo, A. (2014). Pre-service teacher's preparedness to implement Competence-based curriculum in secondary schools in Tanzania. International Journal of Education and Research 2(7), 219-230.

39) Peña-López, I. (2009). Creating effective teaching and learning environments: First results from TALIS. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/berlin/43541636.pdf

40) Pepper, D. (2011). Assessing Key Competence across the Curriculum and Europe. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01484.x

41) Prill-Brett, J. (2005). Module 3: Qualitative research methods. Ethnographic research methods [PowerPoint slides]. Full-day workshop for Arts and Sciences Faculty. University of Philippines Baguio.

42) Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M., Ormston, R. (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Los Angeles: USA SAGE Publications Inc.

43) Ryan, G.W. & Bernard, H.R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods 15(1), 85-109. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239569

44) Saunders, M., Lewis. & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th Ed). Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.

45) Schweisfurth, M. (2011). Learner-centered education in developing country contexts: From solution to problem? International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 425-432.

46) Schweisfurth, M. (2013). Learner-centred education in international perspective: Whose pedagogy for whose development. USA: Routledge.

47) Schweisfurth, M. (2013). Learner-centred education in international perspective: Whose pedagogy for whose development. USA: Routledge.

48) Senjiro, U. and Lupeja, T. (2023). The development of 21st-century skills to secondary school students in Tanzania: How competent are the teachers for the task? International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 6(1), 107-126.

49) Stringer, E., Angello, M.F., Baldwin, S.C. et al… (1997). Community-based ethnography: Breaking traditional boundaries of research, teaching and learning. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

50) Sudsomboon. W, Anmanatarkul, A. Hemwat, B. (2007). Development of a Competence-based instruction on automotive suspension system subject. A paper presented at ERES 20, 5th international conference on developing real-life learning experiences: education reform through educational standards. Retrieved on 18 July 2012 from http://www.kmutt.ac.th/rippc/pdf/abs50/503002.pdf

51) Sumra, S. & Katabaro, J.K. (2014). Declining quality of education: Suggestions for arresting and reversing the trend. Special Tanzania Human Development Report-Discussion Paper 63. Dar es Salaam: Economic and Social Research Foundation.

52) TIE (2005). New Curriculum Development Framework. Dar es Salaam: Government Printers.

53) TIE (2009). A Module on competence-based teaching, learning and assessment in secondary schools. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Institute of Education.

54) TIE (2010). Curriculum for Ordinary Level Secondary Education. Dar es Salaam: Government Printers.

55) TIE (2019). Framework for Implementation of Technical Secondary Schools Education. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Institute of Education.

56) Tilya, F., & Mafumiko, F. (2010). The compatibility between teaching methods and Competence-based curriculum in Tanzania. Papers in Education and Development, 29(1), 37-56.

57) Tumuheise, A, Ssempala, F, Rwends, F, and Nachuha, S. (2023). Factors affecting the implementation of the Competence-based curriculum in selected Secondary Schools of Kabale Municipality- Kabale District. International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review Vol.10 (2), 94-105.

58) United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1995). Education and Training Policy. Ministry of Education and Culture. Dar es Salaam: The Adult Education Press.

59) United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1999). Tanzania Development Vision (2025). Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.

60) United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2014). Sera ya Elimu na Mafunzo. Dar es Salaam: Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi, United Republic of Tanzania.

61) Van den Berg, I., Admiraal, W. and Pilot, A. (2006). Design Principles and Outcomes of Peer Assessment in Higher Education. Studies in Higher Education, 31, 341-356.

62) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075070600680836

63) Wangeleja, M. (2003) Innovations in the new teacher education curriculum. The Tanzania Education Journal, 21, 22-29.

64) Wangeleja, M. (2010). The Teaching and Learning of Competence-based Mathematics Curriculum: A Paper Presented at the Annual Seminar of the Mathematical Association of Tanzania at Mazimbu Campus. (pp. 1-10). Morogoro: Sokoine University of Agriculture.

65) World Bank (2008). Curricula, examinations, and assessment in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Secondary Education In Africa (SEIA). World Bank Working Paper no 128. USA: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2025

Indexed In

Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar